History of the United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates have long history, recent finds on East side of the mountain Hajar and in the Western Abu Dhabi have pushed aside the earliest traces of the person in the Emirates back on hundreds of thousands of years. At this time, it is considered, the United Arab Emirates, perhaps, played an important role in migration of the ancient person from Africa to Asia. Before the earliest of known to human activity for which there are convincing proofs of that dated from the Neolithic BC or 5,500 7,500 years ago when the climate was more damp also than food resources much. Even at this early stage, there is a proof of interaction with the outside world, especially with civilizations in the north. Since about 3000 as the climate became more droughty and the strengthened oases concentrated on agriculture, these contacts remained and became broader, most likely because of trade of copper from Hadzhar.
Foreign trade, the repeating motive in the history of this strategic region, seemingly, prospered also during later periods, domestication of camels at the end of the second millennium promoted B.C. At the same time, opening of new methods of an irrigation (as irrigation falaj) extensive watering of farmlands has become possible that has caused explosion of settlement in the region.
In the first century of our era the overland karavanny movements between Syria and the cities in the south of Iraq, with the subsequent voyages to the port of Oman (possibly, today of Umm-el-Kuvayn) and from there to India was an alternative route through the Red Sea, used by Romans.
The pearls were got here already thousands of years, but at this particular time trade has reached new heights. Navigation was also a support, large fairs were held in the city of Dibba, bringing dealers from such far places as China.
Arrival of envoys of the prophet Muhammad in 630 has AD marked the address of the region to Islam. By 637 Islamic army used Dzhulfar (Ras Al Khaimah) as the base for a gain of Iran.
Throughout many centuries, Dzhulfar was a rich seaport and the pearl center from which big wooden boats of preschool educational institution stretched far and widely through the Indian Ocean.
The Portuguese arrival in the gulf in the 16th century had bloody consequences for the Arab inhabitants Dzhulfar and ports of east coast Dibby as, Bidiya, Korfakkana and Kalba. However, while the European powers fought for domination over the region, the local government, Qawasim, gained strength: at the beginning of the nineteenth century of Qawisim has constructed fleet from more than 60 large vessels and could expose about 20 000 seamen at the sea, as a result having provoked approach of British to control maritime trade routes between the gulf and India.
Within the country, the oasis Liva was the center of economic and social life of the tribe bani-Yas to the sixteenth century. But at the beginning of the 1790th years the city of Abu Dhabi became the important pearl center, and the political leader of all of a bath of Yas of groups, Sheikh Al-bu-Falakh Al Nahayan (family) have moved from Liva there. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, family members Al bu Falasah, branch of a bath of Yas, have located on shout in Dubai and the dynasty Maktumov in the emirate is created.
After defeat of Qawasim in 1820 British have signed a series of agreements with sheikhs of the separate Emirates who, were added with contracts for preservation of a sea truce subsequently, as a result the area becomes known as ‘the contractual states’.
Pearl crafts prospered in the conditions of relative tranquility at the sea in the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth of centuries, providing to both the income, and employment of the population of the coast of the Persian Gulf. Many of inhabitants led a semi-nomadic life, diving behind pearls in summer months. However, the hard blow has soon been struck to their limited economic resources.World War I has strongly influenced pearl trade, but it was the economic depression of the end 1920 beginnings of the 1930th years, in combination with the Japanese invention of artificial pearls that it is damaged irreparably. The branch as a result has gone out right after World War II when the new independent government of India has imposed heavy taxes on import pearls from the Persian Gulf. It became accident for area. Despite the adaptability and resourcefulness, the population meets considerable difficulties with an opportunity to get a good education and there is no infrastructure, is expensive, hospitals.
Fortunately, oil and the far-sighted guide of Sheikh Zaid Bin Sultan Al Nahayan were on the horizon. He was born approximately in 1918 in Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zaid was younger of four sons of Sheikh Sultan, the governor of Abu Dhabi from 1922 to 1926. As Sheikh Zaid has grown up and has grown up, he traveled around all country, for finding of deep understanding of the earth and its people much. In the early thirties, when the oil companies have arrived for carrying out preliminary geological researches, he has received the first exposition in the industry which had to make possible development today.
In 1946 Sheikh Zaid has been chosen as the governor, the representative of Abu Dhabi in East region, in the center of Al Ain, in 160 kilometers to the East from the island of Abu Dhabi. He has brought the new task strong belief in system of values consultation and consensus and its judgment, differed in sharpness of inspiration, wisdom and justice.
The first freight of crude oil it has been exported from Abu Dhabi in 1962. For August 6, 1966 Sheikh Zayd became the successor of the elder brother as the governor of Abu Dhabi. He promptly increased contributions to Fund of development of the contractual states and the income grew, oil production has increased, Sheikh Zayed have carried out the large-scale program of construction, construction of schools, housing, hospitals and roads.
From the beginning of oil production which has begun in 1969 the Sheikh Rasheed bin Said Al Maktoum de facto the governor of Dubai since 1939, was also able to use the income from oil for improvement of quality of life of the people.
Federations
At the beginning of 1968 when British declared the intention about an exit from the Persian Gulf by the end of 1971 Sheikh Zaid acted quickly to initiate the movements towards establishment of more close ties between emirates. Together with the sheikh Rasheed who had to become vice-president then the prime minister of again formed state, Sheikh Zaid has taken the lead and to be grouped in Federation which will include not only seven Emirates, together consist in the contractual states, about Qatar and Bahrain.
After the period of negotiations, the agreement between governors of six Emirates has been reached (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Fudzheyr, Umm-al-Kayvayna and Adzhman) and the Federation is known as the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been officially founded on December 2, 1971 Sheikh Zaid with the President. The seventh emirate, races - Ale - Hayma, has officially joined new Federation for February 10, 1972. Sheikh Zaid has been re-elected on the president's post each five years up to the death 33 years later in November, 2004.
The new state has arisen in the period of political instability in the region. Couple of days ago in Iran have occupied islands big and small Tomb, part of Races Al-Hayma, and the landing on Abu-Musa's island, part of Sharjah has landed. Foreign observers foretold that the United Arab Emirates will survive hardly, pointing to disputes with the neighbors and a big difference between seven Emirates. Sheikh Zaid was more optimistical and predictions of these early pessimists were unreasonable. Nevertheless, very few people doubt that for prosperity, harmony and modern development which characterizes the United Arab Emirates in connection with long-term vision today and the forming role is played by the United Arab Emirates founding fathers.
Sheikh Zaid was on a post of the president of the United Arab Emirates and the governor of Abu Dhabi his eldest son, his highness Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zaid Al Nahayan in 2004. The principles and philosophy which he has brought to the government, nevertheless, remain at the heart of the state and its policy, today. His highness the Sheikh Mohammed bin Rasheed Al Maktoum, the governor of Dubai, have been elected the vice-president of Federation, after death of his brother Sheikh Maktoum in 2006.
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